Hospitalization rates during peak Omicron circulation (January 2022) among unvaccinated adults remained 12 times the rates among vaccinated adults who received booster or additional doses and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose. The report found that, during the omicron wave 6,743.5 per 100,000 unvaccinated people were contracting COVID-19 and 187.8 per 100,000 were hospitalized. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England: technical briefing 35. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Despite several studies showing that vaccination during pregnancy is safe for pregnant people24,25,26,27,28, vaccine uptake has been suboptimal in this group29. Mothers were classified as either having had 2 doses or one dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy (and completed more than 14 days prior to delivery) or not having had any COVID-19 vaccines prior to delivery. Maternal vaccination and risk of hospitalization for Covid-19 among infants. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm, ** https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262356v1, On August 13, 2021, CDCs Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued the first of several recommendations for additional or booster doses of COVID-19 vaccine. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of Percentages presented for the overall number are weighted row percentages. Stay up to date with what you want to know. Weekly COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates among U.S. infants and children aged 0-4 years have declined since the peak of January 8, 2022; however, peak rates during Omicron predominance were approximately five times those of the peak during Delta predominance. These proportions are lower compared with 47.3% of White persons who received a primary series and 54.5% of eligible adults who received a booster dose. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, Black adults accounted for a larger proportion of unvaccinated adults during the Omicron-predominant period, and age-adjusted hospitalization rates for Black adults increased to the highest rate among all racial and ethnic groups for any week during the pandemic. If the SARS-CoV-2 test date was not available, hospital admission date was used. Background: Risk stratification models have been developed to identify patients that are at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and severe illness. CDC. Thompson, M. G. et al. and B.F. P.R. . (2021) Omicron is supercharging the COVID vaccine booster debate. Late last year, as Omicron was spreading fast in the US, hospitalization rates per 100,000 rose sharply among unvaccinated adults, while rates in those who were fully vaccinated remained low. part 56; 42 U.S.C. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:108893. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infant protection against SARS-CoV-2 during the first six months of life, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36547-4. Adults who received booster doses were classified as those who completed their primary vaccination series and received an additional or booster dose of vaccine on or after August 13, 2021, at any time after the completion of their primary series, and 14 days before a positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, because COVID-19associated hospitalizations are a lagging indicator, and time passed after receipt of a booster dose has been shown to be associated with reduced rates of COVID-19 infection (https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2114255). Hospitalizations rates increased among all adults irrespective of vaccination status (unvaccinated, primary series only, or primary series plus a booster or additional dose). Morb. J. According to the Ontario Science Table's online dashboard, the hospital occupancy rate for the unvaccinated was 611 per million unvaccinated people in the province's population as of Jan. 7,. NMF, MC, GD, DDA, AMP, and ST supervised the work. Like all observational studies, our study results are susceptible to residual confounding. They, as well as vaccinated people who are immunocompromised and at higher risk of severe COVID-19, are still vulnerable to being infected by a vaccinated person. A study from the U.K. government, published last week, found that three doses of vaccine. On March 18, 2022, this report was posted online as an MMWR Early Release. mmwrq@cdc.gov. J. Med. Shimabukuro, T. T. et al. ***** An additional 172 (3.4%, 95% CI=2.7%4.2%) adults were partially vaccinated, 69 (0.9%, 95% CI=0.61.2) received a primary vaccination series <14 days before a positive for SARS-CoV-2 test result, and 186 (4.1%) had unknown vaccination status; these groups are not further described in this analysis. If ethnicity was unknown, non-Hispanic ethnicity was assumed. Corresponding author: Christopher A. Taylor, iyq3@cdc.gov. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, the proportion of cases in non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islanders also increased, whereas the proportion in all other racial and ethnic groups decreased. Chi-square tests were used to compare differences between the Delta- and Omicron-predominant periods; p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. We examined the effectiveness of maternal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection in 30,311 infants born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from December 15, 2020, to May 31, 2022. Omicron is super infectious, and about 20% of people in the United States over the age of 5 as well as all children under 5 remain unvaccinated. Am. Trends in disease severity and health care utilization during the early Omicron variant period compared with previous SARS-CoV-2 high transmission periodsUnited States, December 2020January 2022. Dagan, N. et al. The rate among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose, was three times the rate among adults who received a booster or additional dose. ** Monthly incidence among adults who received booster or additional doses was calculated by summing the total number of COVID-19 patients with booster or additional doses hospitalized over all days of the month and dividing by the sum of adults with booster or additional doses in the underlying population for each day of the month. This method was also used for calculations in unvaccinated persons and those who received a primary series but not a booster or additional dose.. ; COVID-NET Surveillance Team. Furthermore, it was reassuring that both the cohort and the secondary TND yielded vaccine effectiveness estimates in the same direction. Pediatr. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The risk of hospitalisation appeared to increase when comparing delta with alpha infections. Google Scholar. ICU admission status was missing in 1.3% (weighted) of hospitalizations; these hospitalizations are included in other analyses. Cohen-Stavi, C. J. et al. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. New federal data shows adults who received the updated shots cut their risk of being hospitalized with . Mortal. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing hospitalization among adults aged 65 yearsCOVID-NET, 13 states, FebruaryApril 2021. A continuity correction has been applied to the denominators by capping the percent population vaccination coverage at 95% by assuming that at least 5% of each age group would always be unvaccinated in each jurisdiction. We calculated VE as 100% multiplied by 1- OR. CAS Characteristics and maternal and birth outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19COVID-NET, 13 states, March 1August 22, 2020. JAMA 327, 10871089 (2022). For children whose mothers received one dose before pregnancy and two doses during pregnancy, VE against infection was 89% during the first 2 months of life, 73% during the first 4 months of life, and 48% up to 6 months of life. * Data are from a weighted sample of hospitalized nonpregnant adults with completed medical record abstractions and a discharge disposition. Percentages presented for demographic characteristics are weighted column percentages. Data were available for researchers who meet the criteria for access to Kaiser Permanente Northern California confidential data. Real-world data suggest lower COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against Omicron variants11,12,13,14. Initial hospital data from England and Denmark also suggest Omicron cases are less severe. CDC graphs show in detail the protection vaccines gave from hospitalization. Baxter, R., Bartlett. Klein, N. P. et al. Danino, D. et al. Stay up to date with your COVID-19 vaccines. Mortal. Most QCovid risk groups were tied to an increased risk of post-booster death, except congenital heart disease, asthma, and previous fracture. Data from the COVID-19Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) were analyzed to compare COVID-19associated hospitalization rates among adults aged 18 years during B.1.617.2 (Delta; July 1December 18, 2021) and Omicron (December 19, 2021January 31, 2022) variant predominance, overall and by race/ethnicity and vaccination status. All adults should stay up to date (1) with COVID-19 vaccination to reduce their risk for COVID-19associated hospitalization. Estimated effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against omicron or delta symptomatic infection and severe outcomes. A and B, Markers indicate estimates, with vertical lines indicating 95% CIs. We did not have genotyping data to confirm the variant that infected infants who tested positive and instead relied on state data regarding circulating strain predominance in the Northern California region. During the Omicron dominant period, receipt of 2 doses during pregnancy reduced the risk of the infant testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 21% (95% CI: 21, 48) during the first 2 months of life, 14% (95% CI: 8, 32) during the first 4 months of life, and 13% (95% CI: 3, 26) during the first 6 months of life (Table2). Vaccinated patients during the Delta wave were 37% (over with two doses), while during the Omicron wave they were 57%. Hospitalization rates during peak Omicron circulation (January 2022) among unvaccinated adults remained 12 times the rates among vaccinated adults who received booster or additional doses and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose. Published by Elsevier Ltd. The rate among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose (133.5), was three times the rate among adults who received a booster or additional dose (45.0). Compared with the Delta-predominant period, the proportion of unvaccinated hospitalized Black adults increased during the Omicron-predominant period. Delta period: July 1, 2021December 18, 2021, reflects the time when Delta was the predominant circulating variant; Omicron period: December 19, 2021January 31, 2022, reflects the time when Omicron was the predominant circulating variant. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are J. Med. The objective of this study was to further evaluate the effectiveness of at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants during the first 2, 4, and 6 months of life during the Delta and Omicron variant periods. The exposure of interest was mRNA COVID-19 vaccination status during pregnancy in the electronic health record. Wkly. To ensure stability and reliability of rates by vaccination status, data are presented beginning 14 days after at least 5% of the age group-specific population of the COVID-NET surveillance catchment area has received an additional or booster dose. Vaccination status is based on state immunization information system data. COVID-NET conducts population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed COVID-19associated hospitalizations in 99 counties across 14 states. COVID-19associated hospitalizations are those occurring among residents of a predefined surveillance catchment area who have a positive real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or rapid antigen detection test result for SARS-CoV-2 during hospitalization or the 14 days preceding admission. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, a significantly shorter median length of hospital stay was observed during the Omicron-predominant period and smaller proportions of hospitalizations with intensive care unit admission, receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death. Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis. Vaccination status is not available for Iowa and cases from Iowa are excluded from analyses that examined vaccination status. What are the implications for public health practice? As infants aged, protection provided by maternal vaccination decreased during both periods. To obtain Further information on research design is available in theNature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article. Our findings that receipt of at least two doses of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy was effective at protecting infants during the Delta period are similar to those reported in a recent Norwegian study showing that mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was associated with a 71% decreased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in infants during their first 4 months of life during the Delta period17. We used two different study designs: a primary design using a cohort analysis in which infants of vaccinated pregnant persons were compared with infants of unvaccinated pregnant persons. Partially vaccinated adults, and those who received a single dose of a 1-dose product <14 days before the positive SARS-CoV-2 test result were not included in analyses by vaccination status but were included in rates and overall proportions that were not stratified by vaccination status. Like influenza and Tdap vaccines15,16, data suggest that vaccination during pregnancy may protect infants who are not old enough to be vaccinated against COVID-19. VE against hospitalization was not estimated because of the very small number of hospitalized cases. Frequency, characteristics and complications of COVID-19 in hospitalized infants. J. Obstet. Taken together, these findings suggest that the increased risk for hospitalization among Black adults during the Omicron-predominant period might also be due, in part, to lower proportions of Black adults receiving both the primary vaccination series and booster doses. **** ICU admission and IMV are not mutually exclusive categories, and patients could have received both. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. J. Med. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. Wkly. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). In this large study which included >30,000 infants, we found that receipt of at least two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy was associated with a decreased risk of infants testing SARS-CoV-2 positive during their first 6 months of life. J. Epidemiol. N. Engl. *** An additional 172 (3.4%, 95% CI = 2.7%4.2%) adults were partially vaccinated, 69 (0.9%, 95% CI=0.61.2) received a primary vaccination series <14 days before receiving a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result, and 186 (4.1%) had unknown vaccination status; these groups are not further described in this analysis. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. Baden, L. R. et al. endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. It is not inevitable that viral evolution leads to lower severity. Carlsen, E. O. et al. The infection fatality rate from Covid-19 fell more than 10-fold from a little more than 1 per cent in January 2021 to 0.1 per cent in July as the UK's vaccination campaign was rolled out, and . https://doi.org . Aircraft wastewater surveillance could be used with traveler-based surveillance to provide an early warning system for COVID-19 and other pathogens. Hobbs, C. V. et al. 386, 15321546 (2022). If SARS-CoV-2 test date was missing, hospitalization admission date was used. J. Arthur Reingold, Jeremy Roland, Ashley Coates, California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California; Breanna Kawasaki, Rachel Herlihy, Isaac Armistead, Madelyn Lensing, Jordan Surgnier, Sarah McLafferty, Colorado Department of Public Health & Environment; Ann Basting, Tessa Carter, Maria Correa, Daewi Kim, Carol Lyons, Hazhia Sorosindi, Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Emily Fawcett, Katelyn Ward, Jana Manning, Asmith Joseph, Allison Roebling, Chandler Surell, Stephanie Lehman, Taylor Eisenstein, Suzanne Segler, Grayson Kallas, Marina Bruck, Rayna Ceaser, Annabel Patterson, Sabrina Hendrick, Johanna Hernandez, Hope Wilson, School of Medicine, Emory University, Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Public Health, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Foundation for Atlanta Veterans Education and Research, Atlanta, Georgia; Jim Collins, Shannon Johnson, Justin Henderson, Sue Kim, Alexander Kohrman, Lauren Leegwater, Val Tellez Nunez, Sierra Peguies-Khan, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services; Kayla Bilski, Kristen Ehresmann, Richard Danila, Jake Garfin, Grace Hernandez, Kieu My Phi, Ruth Lynfield, Sara Vetter, Xiong Wang, Minnesota Department of Health; Daniel M. Sosin, Susan L. Ropp, Sunshine Martinez, Jasmyn Sanchez, Cory Cline, Melissa Judson, Florent Nkouaga, Mark Montoya, New Mexico Department of Health; Sarah Lathrop, Kathy M. Angeles, Yadira Salazar-Sanchez, Sarah A. Khanlian, Nancy Eisenberg, Dominic Rudin, Sarah Shrum Davis, Mayvilynne Poblete, Emily B. Hancock, Francesca Pacheco, New Mexico Emerging Infections Program; Yassir Talha, Celina Chavez, Jennifer Akpo, Alesia Reed, Murtada Khalifa, CDC Foundation, New Mexico Department of Health; Suzanne McGuire, Kerianne Engesser, Nancy Spina, Adam Rowe, New York State Department of Health; Sophrena Bushey, Virginia Cafferky, Maria Gaitan, Christine Long, Thomas Peer, Kevin Popham, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Julie Freshwater, Denise Ingabire-Smith, Ann Salvator, Rebekah Sutter, Ohio Department of Health; Sam Hawkins, Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority; Tiffanie Markus, Katie Dyer, Karen Leib, Terri McMinn, Danielle Ndi, Gail Hughett, Emmanuel Sackey, Kathy Billings, Anise Elie, Manideepthi Pemmaraju, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Amanda Carter, Andrea George, Andrew Haraghey, Ashley Swain, Caitlin Shaw, Laine McCullough, Mary Hill, Ryan Chatelain, Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah; Alvin Shultz, Robert W. Pinner, Rainy Henry, Sonja Mali Nti-Berko, CDC; Elizabeth Daly, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. Our analysis . Children born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from December 15, 2020, through May 31, 2022. Late last year, as Omicron was spreading fast in the US, hospitalization rates per 100,000 rose sharply among unvaccinated adults, while rates in those who were fully vaccinated remained. Additional COVID-NET methods for determining vaccination status have been described previously. Mortal. These findings are consistent with estimates of booster effectiveness against symptomatic Omicron infection using healthcare ascertainment. By comparison, from two to 25 weeks after the second dose, protection against Omicron hospitalization was 64%, the UKHSA said. 387, 227236 (2022). Introduction: A rapid increase in COVID-19 cases due to the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants in vaccinated populations has raised concerns about the hospitalization risk associated with, and the effectiveness of, COVID-19 vaccines. Although hospitalization rates increased for all adults, rates were highest among unvaccinated adults and lowest among adults who had received a primary series and a booster or additional dose. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the study population and calculated crude rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization by maternal vaccination status. U.S. regulators had authorized the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine for children aged 5 to 11 years in October, prior to the Omicron surge. Using previously described methods (3), investigators collected clinical data on a representative sample of adult patients (7.9%) hospitalized during July 1, 2021January 31, 2022, stratified by age and COVID-NET site. Johnson AG, Amin AB, Ali AR, et al. Members receive almost all their medical care at KPNC-owned facilities, including clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, and laboratories. These data should be taken with a grain of salt. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sect. Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to . Overall, 63% of Americans are fully vaccinated. KPNC members are similar to the broad catchment population in Northern California in terms of sociodemographic characteristics34. New charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more severe disease and more hospitalizations, Insider's Catherine Schuster Bruce reported. The stats are for COVID-associated hospitalizations, which may include people for whom COVID-19 was not the primary reason for admission. wrote the initial manuscript. Open 5, e2233273 (2022). Polack, F. P. et al. TN, NMF, SB, EV, SRS, DDA, and AMP developed the methodology. Suggested citation for this article: Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Anglin O, et al. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Maryland did not contribute data after December 4, 2021, but did contribute data for previous weeks. Dis. Razzaghi, H. et al. Sample sizes presented are unweighted with weighted percentages. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. The average age of decedents was 83.3 years. We further classified vaccination status by the trimester within which the second dose or the unique dose (for those who received only one dose) was received. This is in keeping with the age profile. Second, vaccination status is subject to misclassification; this might affect estimation of rates by vaccination status. Over the entire study period, the incidence of hospitalization for COVID-19 was lower during the first 6 months of life among infants of vaccinated mothers compared with infants of unvaccinated mothers (21/100,000 person-years vs. 100/100,000 person-years). Thank you for visiting nature.com. The Lancet Regional Health Southeast Asia, The Lancet Regional Health Western Pacific, 36-fold higher estimate of deaths attributable to red meat intake in GBD 2019: is this reliable? TN, NMF, WH, and SA wrote the software. Association of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy with incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants. New charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that hospitalization rates were much lower among those who were vaccinated even as Omicron was sweeping the nation. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider IMV status was missing in 1.4% (weighted) of hospitalizations; these hospitalizations are otherwise included elsewhere in the analysis. The mean age at pregnancy onset was 31.62 years (standard deviation of 4.66 years). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in We conducted secondary sensitivity analyses restricting the population to infants who received at least one SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Waning 2-dose and 3-dose effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among adults during periods of delta and omicron variant predominanceVISION Network, 10 states, August 2021-January 2022. N. Engl. Additional limitations include the inability to estimate the effectiveness of vaccines received prior to pregnancy onset. The U.K. Health. With wave after wave of SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 patients filled the worlds' hospitals and morgues because not everybody had access to vaccines or were willing to be vaccinated. We also conducted analyses based on the trimester during which the vaccine was received during pregnancy (first, second, or third trimester). Iowa does not provide data on vaccination status. However, infants aged <6 months are not currently eligible for any currently available COVID-19 vaccines and must rely on placentally acquired immunity from their mothers. J. Med. Department of Health and Human Services. On the bias of estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness from test-negative studies. SGN, HHW, NA, WH, MK, PB, AZ, JLB, MC, NAA, KH, RH, AC, GD, and ST curated the data. The group raised concerns about a small number of Guillain-Barre syndrome cases in vaccine recipients and wanted more data, especially on efficacy in those at highest risk. of Omicron-infected patients with a high rate of vaccination in China. The report shows people catching Omicron are: 31% to 45% less likely to go to A&E. 50% to 70% less likely to be admitted to hospital for treatment. As of December 25, the rate among unvaccinated people was 78 per 100,000, compared to 4 per 100,000 among fully vaccinated people, the CDC reported. Durability of anti-spike antibodies in infants after maternal COVID-19 vaccination or natural infection. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Percentages presented were weighted to account for the probability of selection for sampled cases (3). Vaccines: The CDC recommends that everyone age 5 and older get an updated covid booster shot. Two recent papers claim there are no differences between surgical masks and respirators for preventing the spread of respiratory diseases like COVID-19 and flu, but the articles are deeply flawed. Data among adults over 50 showed that a booster shot gave even stronger protection. These findings are consistent with the diminishing of pregnancy-derived antibodies in infants over time22. From this cohort, the study excluded the following infants born to (1) mothers who were not between ages 16 and 50 years at pregnancy onset; (2) mothers who did not have a primary KPNC facility assignment; (3) mothers who were not continuous KPNC members from December 15, 2020 until delivery; (4) mothers who had a positive nasal/throat swab for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prior to pregnancy onset; (5) mothers who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody test documented by KPNC prior to the onset of pregnancy; (6) mothers who received one or more doses of COVID-19 vaccine prior to pregnancy onset. Thus, this design better adjusts for healthcare-seeking behavior31,32, but it may also introduce other biases including selection bias33. All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. In this primary design, all eligible infants meeting inclusion criteria were included without sampling which improved power and minimized bias related to selection. Defined as one or more of the following: chronic lung disease including asthma, chronic metabolic disease including diabetes mellitus, blood disorder/hemoglobinopathy, cardiovascular disease, neurologic disorder, immunocompromising condition, renal disease, gastrointestinal/liver disease, rheumatologic/autoimmune/inflammatory condition, obesity, feeding tube dependency, and wheelchair dependency. Ferdinands, J. M. et al. No other exclusion criteria were applied. Weekly rates among unvaccinated adults and adults who received a primary COVID-19 vaccination series with a booster or additional dose peaked at 149.8 (January 8, 2022) and 11.7 (January 22, 2022), respectively. Pre-Omicron versions of Covid, in. CAS If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. Although both approaches adjusted for the same confounding factors, the effectiveness estimates from the TND were higher than those from the cohort design, which is consistent with our previous analyses of influenza vaccine effectiveness in which we also observed that the TND tended to result in higher vaccine effectiveness estimates than did our cohort analyses30. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. Maternal vaccination with at least two doses reduced the infants risk of testing SARS-CoV-2 positive initially by 84% which decreased to 56% by 6 months of life in the Delta dominant period.
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omicron hospitalization rate vaccinated by age