why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. 2) This war was not a success. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Dedicated to. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Why was France a threat? However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. What were the causes of westward Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Roman Catholics . The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Register for free, Home / The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. he could also overthrow her. The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Henry himself gave people cause . Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Company Reg no: 04489574. Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. . He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. West Yorkshire, Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. LS23 6AD He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Continue with Recommended Cookies. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. 1558 -french threat. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. LS23 6AD Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). . The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Boston Spa, Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant.

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