political organisation of the acholi

Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. (Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland . "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. Organizational Politics. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. A rebellion in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful M.A. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. Classification of Southern Lwoo after Heusing (2004) and Storch (2005). David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom The Acholi of Uganda. Following the The socio-political and economic organization of the Maasai during the Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Acholi - Minority Rights Group Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. These guns brought Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Sociopolitical organization - Acholi All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. 53- centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Ceremonies. This included both agricultural and hunting land. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". Identification. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. with the British was through Samuel Baker. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Identification. Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." Arts. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. With colonial rule ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. Corrections? cooperation of their rwot (chief) Aliker with the British, the centre of the colonial Spirits of both of these types were generally beneficent. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of Wright, A. C. A. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. social control in the area. southern parts of the country. The Lwoo. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Stream and swamp fishing are important. Linguistic Affiliation. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Shilluk Acholi [CDATA[ A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Conflict. 1544957. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. find its conclusion until the 19th century. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. PDF Publications | International IDEA As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. political organisation of the acholi Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. passed through Sudan to the northern Uganda. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Identification. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro The EU's External Democracy Action in a New Geopolitical Reality: Policy Brief. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. Even in this . The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. population. Its current population is estimated to be around 2.155,000 individuals, or six percent of the total national population. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . thesis, University of Nairobi. Bor Lango Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. In . Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Domestic Unit. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. When Britain established its rule during the early twentieth century, both ideological predisposition and practical utility prompted the colonizers to consider the Acholi a "tribe" and to administer the area as a "tribal" unit. This term then They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. The settlement of the Acholi in their current territory is compared to the ethnic groups in the portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they

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