what is the texture of the nutcracker

The sequence of sketches in Act II indicates that the composer adhered to Marius Petipa's plan. He composed during the Romantic Period and is best known for his composition of The Nutcracker and Swan Lake. He described how wooden nutcrackers were carved as protective figures of strength and power. Bring texture and dimension to your tree with this Fabric Nutcracker Head with Red Hat Tree Ornament from Wondershop. Notable in this ballet is Tchaikovsky's use of an instrument called a celesta, which is similar to the piano but higher and more delicate in tone. (LogOut/ If Nutcracker was originally intended, in a very real sense, as a ballet for children, this would explain its relatively simple yet brightly coloured themes, and why nearly all the dances, most particularly those in Act I originally intended for child dancers, are relatively short. The second time around, the lower strings (cello and bass) continue the accompaniment, while the upper strings, violins and violas, do some interplay stuff with the flutes. It seems that at this meeting the outline scenario for Act II was finalised. The scene ends with a general Grandfather dance. Just as it appears that the Nutcracker is about to be overwhelmed, Clara throws her slipper at the King of the Mice, and kills him. Spun Sugar Angels and Cherubs, an assortment of Candies come to life, and the beautiful Sugarplum Fairy and her handsome Cavalier greet them. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The story was based on a children's fairy tale by E. T. A. Hoffmann, adapted by Alexandre Dumas. Several scholars have blamed the scenario, which they claim failed to inspire Tchaikovsky. During the celebration, Godfather Drosselmeyer arrives. Songs from The Nutcracker are commonly referenced and used in pop culture, particularly around Christmastime. In pop culture, Nutcracker music is present in commercials, movies, and television shows. The Nutcracker Ballet was created in 1892 in Moscow. Petipa had fallen ill, and the choreography was instead devised by his less-inspired assistant. 7. Tchaikovsky - "The Nutcracker" Suite, Op. 71a | asiyclassical 5), and Tchaikovsky noted in the score that "These instruments are essentially the same as those used in the first scene of The Queen of Spades. Presto, 16. The piece is also referred to as the Russian dance and is part of the . Tchaikovsky was previously known for his famous ballet, Swan Lake. Though the original dance was unsuccessful, minus Tchaikovsky's instant classic score, the ballet grew in popularity over the 20th century to become the Yuletide staple it is today. Ivan Vsevolozhsky agreed to postpone the ballet and the opera, and further work on the ballet was only resumed after Tchaikovsky's return from America, in Maydanovo at the end of May 1891. 2 (marchentrance of the children), after which came a number of characteristic dances: Chinese and Spanish dances, a tarantella, an English dance ("Gigue") [15], and the start of a Trepak. In a letter to Pyotr Jurgenson of 25 January/6 February 1892 from Saint Petersburg, the composer reported: "I want to catch up with orchestrating some numbers from the new ballet, which I've promised will be played at a local Musical Society concert on 29 February" [O.S.] Clara and the Prince are guided through the forest by gnomes with torches. Had Tchaikovsky and Vsevolozhsky badly miscalculated? As weve seen before, Tchaikovsky showing his forceful side at his best, knowing how to create excitement, and build it up to a thrilling ending. A famous ballet. Tchaikovsky was one of the first composers to use the celesta, a bell-piano, in his music. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. And instantly, were transported to a totally different world. Vsevolozhskys frustration is clear from an uncharacteristically unguarded comment to Tchaikovsky in which, despite Petipas huge success with Sleeping Beauty, he called his chief choreographer old fashioned. The last of his three ballets, it was first performed in December 1892. Tchaikovsky had used the glockenspiel in his still little-known Orchestral Suite No. The Nutcracker Suite, Op. This is the final farewell to the prince from the Sugar Plum Fairy. He returned newly enthused about the ballet. The original story was more dark and disturbing, with choreographer Marius Petipa deciding to take a lighter approach to Clara's Christmastime dream when adapting it for the stage. Throughout the ballet, the music is light, playful, and at times dramatic. The sleigh arrives in the Land of Sweets, where everything is made of candy, sparkling sugar, frosting, and cookies! Now, the original story is rather dark (involving bloody cuts, malevolent characters and angry adults), so in the mid-19th century, French author Alexander Dumas adapted it for a younger audience, making it less scary. Germany is a leading manufacturer of traditional nutcrackers. "The Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" featured a brand-new instrument called the "Celesta". 35, III. The premiere of the ballet, with the opera Iolanta, took place on 6/18 December 1892 in Saint Petersburg, at the Mariinsky Theatre, conducted by Riccardo Drigo, and produced by the balletmaster Lev Ivanov. He produces these from a large cabbage and from a large pie, much to the children's delight. The suite includes "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy", the "Russian Dance", "Arabian Dance", "Chinese Dance", "Dance of the Reed Flutes", and the "Waltz of the Flowers". On the copy of the manuscript of the plan is Petipa's note: "This was sent on 9 March 1891 [O.S.] Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker: A beginner's guide - Classic FM Tchaikovsky probably wouldn't have believed that his ballet would one day become an international success, and sadly he did not live long enough to find out. (LogOut/ Then the Nutcracker summons his old guard, and fights the King of the Mice. In the celestas ethereal notes, Tchaikovsky recognized the voice of his Sugar Plum Fairy, and he immediately wrote to his publisher, asking that the instrument be acquired for the performance. It is based on E. T. Bon voyage, M. Dumolet", the latter being the title of a humorous 18th-century French song, subsequently used in the music for this number. In Moscow the first production of The Nutcracker did not take place until 21 May 1919, in a production at the Bolshoi Theatre by the balletmaster Aleksandr Gorsky, conducted by Nikolay Fyodorov. In the main A theme, a trio of flutes carries the melody, and theyre accompanied by pizzicato (pits-ih-COT-toe) strings plucked with a finger, rather than played with a bow. He was drawn to Hoffmanns The Nutcracker, as re-written by Alexandre Dumas senior, which was enjoying popularity in Russia. She has an undergraduate degree from Penn State University in Animal Bioscience, a master's degree from Arcadia University in Secondary Education, and is currently pursuing her second master's degree in Curriculum and Instruction from Gannon University. Tchaikovsky stayed in Saint Petersburg until 11/23 February, where, evidently, he received the choreographer Marius Petipa's manuscript plan of the first act of the ballet, which was dated "5 February 1891" [O.S.] Whats that moving around, and how does it move? The ballet is infinitely worse than "The Sleeping Beauty"of this I'm sure. Midnight strikes, and mice appear from every corner. French writer Alexandre Dumas came up with his own adaptation of the story in 1844 . This was confounded by Petipa, who suddenly insisted that the sequence be replaced by solos and variations for the Mariinskys principal adult dancers. 125, 4thmovement, 11. Now I have started to work" [34]. 71 ( TH 14 ; W 14), is a fairy ballet in 2 acts and 3 scenes, written and orchestrated by Tchaikovsky between February 1891 and April 1892. Like Handel's Messiah, it has long enjoyed a place of de facto holiday tradition throughout the Western world. Somebody had the idea of casting young members of a military academy to play the toy soldiers who, it seems, got carried away attacking the mice with their toy rifles cue pandemonium. 3Girofl-Girofl, popular French song", i.e. The Nutcracker is transformed into a handsome Prince, and he offers Clara a journey to his kingdom. 10), Tchaikovsky noted: The artist performing the Celesta part should be a good pianist. You've Never Seen a 'Nutcracker' Like This | TDF Stages | TDF - Theatre The Nutcracker (1993) - Plot - IMDb I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Eventually staged in Moscows Bolshoi Theatre in 1877, where it was hobbled with mediocre choreography and indifferently danced, its music nonetheless stood head and shoulders above the usual run of ballet scores. The first complete performance outside Russia took place in Prague at the National Theatre (Nrodn divadlo) on 4/17 August 1908, conducted by Rudolf Zamrzla, where the ballet was staged a total of 24 times over the next two years [49]. In honor of the prince's return, there is a celebration of international sweets. Finale: Allegrovivacissimo, 4. But the question is, when will I be able to do the rest?". About TCHAIKOVSKY's Suite from The Nutcracker - Redlands Symphony Next: Wrap-up of Tchaikovsky, and further suggested listening. Selections from The Nutcracker were first performed as an orchestral suite in March 1892. The Nutcracker starts with an 'Overture' and then moves to the music of the Christmas party, including 'The March of the Children' and a dance between Clara and her nutcracker. Hoffmann. Beethoven Piano Sonata No. Though noted for his superb corps de ballet sequences, Ivanov showed little interest in individual dances, often allowing these to be reworked by the solo dancers themselves. History of Nutcracker 1, composed in 1879. The music was composed by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky and features the use of instruments like the celesta. Adagioassai, 15. The celesta produces a tinkling sound that gives "The Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" its distinct sound. He had been turned into a nutcracker by the evil Mouse King, and only by the King's death could the Nutcracker regain his human form. His homeward journey took him through Paris, where he discovered a new instrument: the celesta, whose clear, bell-like tone was perfectly fitted to The Nutcrackers fairy-tale ambience. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Hoffmann was set to music by Tchaikovsky and originally choreographed by Marius Petipa. Tchaikovsky's score, however, was met with more enthusiasm. Hoffmann wrote the story "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" in 1816. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The Nutcracker origin is from a German fairytale titled "he Nutcracker and the Mouse King". While they have been around for ages, the wooden dolls only became popular in the US in the 1950s. In Paris, where Tchaikovsky arrived on 10/22 March, work on the ballet did not come easily. Tchaikovsky - "The Nutcracker" Suite, Op. Heinrich Hoffmann, best known as the creator of the children's book "Der Struwwelpeter" (Shaggy Peter), also wrote his own version of E.T.A Hoffmann's story. The Nutcracker is a ballet with music composed by Tchaikovsky. Mozart Piano Concerto No. There are many traditional nutcracker producers in the Ore Mountain region, which makes up the natural borderland between Germany and the Czech Republic. Nutcracker Story - The Nutcracker The fact the ballet involves some of his most inventive and evocative orchestration is merely, they say, to disguise the poverty of his invention: witness the short-breathed and exceedingly simple character of several of the ballets themes, and the fact Tchaikovsky supplemented these with so many borrowed themes for instance, the Arabian Dance based on a Georgian lullaby. The mouse army carries him away. 5), except for the Grossvater[18]. I think it will be finished by the summer" [44]. The Grandfather dance is based on a German dance tune from the 17th century. After this he wrote: "Return to No. He grabs it away and it breaks, but Drosselmeyer mysteriously fixes it with a handkerchief. Un-scientifically, The "1812 Overture" and "The Nutcracker" ballet music probably hold 2 of the top 5 of this measure (at least on a "highlights from" basis). Youve probably heard bits and pieces on TV (especially during the wintertime), and it was also featured in the original Fantasia, if you saw that. It turned out that I only just managed it in 2 weeks. The celesta was used to evoke the sound of the Sugar Plum Fairy. Some of the most familiar and beloved music comes from the second act, including a spirited Russian dance, the 'Trepak'; the 'Chinese Dance'; the 'Waltz of the Flowers'; and the 'Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy.' The Nutcracker opened in Saint Petersburg Russia in 1892. It should be obtainable in any musical store". Act 1 takes place on Christmas eve at a Christmas party of the town mayor's, Hans Stahlbaum's, house. "The Nutcracker" is a symbol of strength. It helped, too, that the celestas sound is reminiscent of the musical boxes one might expect to find in Drosselmeyers clockwork world. ], Maydanovo". 71 (TH 14; W 14), is a fairy ballet in 2 acts and 3 scenes, written and orchestrated by Tchaikovsky between February 1891 and April 1892. The Nutcracker is able to overcome the stunned Mouse King and claims victory. Hoffmann fantasy story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, about a girl who befriends a nutcracker that comes to life on Christmas Eve and wages a battle against the evil Mouse King. Choreographic duties fell to Petipas assistant, Lev Ivanov. Another striking feature is the scores array of childrens instruments, including toy trumpets, toy drums, cuckoos, quails and cymbals, all intended to be played on-stage by the child performers in the opening party scene. The origin of the Nutcracker, a classic Christmas Story, is a fairy tale ballet in two acts centered on a family's Christmas Eve celebration. "The Nutcracker Suite" is a compilation of the highlights from The Nutcracker. Yet the fact remains that he was far from played out witness the Sixth Symphony that was still to come, or even the remarkable tone poem Voyevoda which, though he rejected it, has since been widely recognised as one of his most remarkable late works. On the day of his departure from Saint Petersburg, the composer discussed the ballet with Marius Petipa [23]. The Story Behind Tchaikovsky's 'Nutcracker Suite' - uDiscover Music His depiction of the moonlit room just before midnight is an evocative tapestry of fluttering string tremolandos, shuddering bass clarinet, downward plunging harp glissandos and twittering woodwind. It has not been established whether Tchaikovsky composed anything on his way to Berlin. KS2: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - The Nutcracker - Waltz of the Flowers Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker has enchanted audiences around the world for over a century, but what is the secret to its enduring popularity? All the solos and variations he devised for the first act would be of little interest to the public. The Nutcracker is a ballet with music written by the Russian composer, Pyotr Ilych Tchaikovsky. Before his departure he received a letter written by Ivan Vsevolozhsky, dated 15/27 February: "I hope to see you in Saint Petersburg before your departure for America. And another new scene lets talk instruments here. "The Nutcracker" is based on the book "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King," by E.T.A. On 27 February/11 March, after sketching the night scene (Clara's vision), Tchaikovsky wrote: "Here I am leaving out a lot, up to the Waltz of the Snowflakes". The family business in Seiffen is now being run by the eighth generation of Fchtners. The prince demonstrates for the Sugar Plum Fairy how he had conquered the mouse king as the Nutcracker and was restored to his princely form. The Nutcracker by Tchaikovsky is based on the version of Dumas. It was presented at St. Petersburgs Mariinsky Theatre on a double bill with Tchaikovskys one-act opera, Iolanta. After their dance through the Land of Snow, Clara and the Nutcracker waltz through the Land of Sweets (via Nutcracker Ballet). . In this fairy tale, toys come to life and battle an army of mice. The lever version is also used for cracking lobster and crab shells. Learn about "The Nutcracker" ballet and its music and story. Clara picks up the broken Nutcracker and cradles it in her arms., singing it a lullaby, while the boys tease her. Clara meanwhile, exhausted, falls onto the nutcracker's bed, which turns into a beautiful floating sleigh. Marche. Stephanie has taught studio art and art history classes to audiences of all ages. Mozart Piano Concerto No. According to Britannica, the plot is loosely based off "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King," a fantasy story written by E.T.A. His nephew, Yury Davydov, recalled that he not only composed the music but invented the steps and pirouettes, and danced them himself, showing the performers what he required of them. The grim-mouthed nutcrackers symbolized good luck. The story was based on a children's fairy tale by E. T. A. Hoffmann, adapted by Alexandre Dumas . The Nutcracker is a ballet with music written by the Russian composer, Pyotr Ilych Tchaikovsky. The Nutcracker Suite, Op. The newspapers reviled Tchaikovsky, and he did not live to see the piece succeed. Clara wakes, but something's different! Jacob Grimm, the oldest of the famous Brothers Grimm, also wrote about nutcrackers in his treatise on Germanic mythology, "Deutsche Mythologie," from 1835. The parents are decorating the tree. Not an instrument that you come across a lot, but Tchaikovsky took an unusual instrument and built an extraordinary scene with it. German abortion clinics targeted by US-style protests, German family minister takes on anti-abortion activists, Spain passes laws on trans rights, abortion, menstrual leave, Tunisia labor union protests President Saied. The music in "The Nutcracker" was composed by Pyotr Tchaikovsky. The ballet proper debuted in December of that year. This gives The Nutcracker just enough time to stab The Mouse King. 5. - Definition & Examples, What is the Bridge of a Song? Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The Nutcracker returns and suddenly turns into a Prince, who looks just like Drosselmeyer's nephew. It may also explain why The Nutcracker, though a full-length ballet, is barely more than half the length of either its predecessors, Swan Lake and Sleeping Beauty: in other words, an ideal length not to tax an audience of young children. 23 No. The largest German producer of traditional nutcrackers is Steinbach. Its score was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the performance choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov, three of Russia's greatest artists of their era. Hoffmann. 23 in A, II. "The Nutcracker" follows a bit of a surreal Christmas story as a girl finds herself amongst a world of living toys. By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. Tap genius Michelle Dorrance puts her stamp on the famous Christmas ballet---There is a cornucopia of Nutcrackers twirling all over New York this holiday season, but none as exuberant as Michelle Dorrance's tap-dancing take on the Christmas staple. The date "Rouen, 12 April" was also written by Tchaikovsky on the choreographer's manuscript plan of Act II. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Many of Tchaikovskys works are among the most widely-recognized pieces in all of classical music. Ravel Piano Concerto in G, II. Hoffmann's original story was darker than the ballet, but the plot remains largely the same. The carved nutcrackers are then painted. I want to pass on to you some ideas for the ballet, which do not fit in with Petipa's scheme. This was Tchaikovsky's last ballet, from which he compiled a famous Suite of eight numbers for concert performance. Listen for the different sections of this movement in more formal language, its in ABA form, also known as Ternary Form. It is Christmas Eve in the home of President Silberhaus of the Town Council and his children, Clara and Fritz (Scene 1). Tchaikovsky then asked Vsevolozhsky whether the productions of the ballet and opera could be postponed until the next season: "I could complete my voyage to America without the torments, the doubts, and the fears; return home calm and rested from any conceivable traumas experienced in Paris and America, and enjoy working little by little, confident that I will be writing two masterpieces (pardon my immodesty)" [30]. Courtney is a certified Biology and Physics teacher from Pennsylvania. 1650, along with one of the first typical Ore Mountain region figurines from 1870. Tchaikovsky instructed that "This chorus should comprise 12 sopranos and 12 altos. There is a second note, apparently made later: "Grossvater see the end of the copybook after everything else". Musically speaking, a waltz is a dance that is in 3-beat meter, to which you can count a quick 1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3. It was a new instrument at the time, and he was among the first to use it for an orchestral work, most notably in segments featuring the Sugar Plum Fairy. Early in 1891, Tchaikovsky was working against the clock to compose both Nutcracker and an opera with which it was to be double-billed, Yolanta, before an imminent tour in the US. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 'Waltz of the Flowers': A Royal Celebration How has this happened? The Russian musicologist Boris Asafyev acclaimed Nutcracker as representing 'the ripening soul of a little girl' who grows from playing with dolls to 'the dawn of love through dreams of love of a brave and virile hero', while Maurice Sendak, author of Where the Wild Things Are, found the music 'bristling with implied action,' with 'a subtext Art, Music, and Architecture Around the World, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What is Dubstep Music? The ballet was commissioned by the Director of the Russian Imperial Theatres, Ivan Vsevolozhsky, who held preliminary talks with the composer in November and December 1890 [9]. The principal performers were: Stanislava Belinskaya (Clara), Sergey Legat (Nutcracker), Timofey Stukolkin (Drosselmeyer), Feliks Kshesinsky (Silberhaus), Augusta Ogoleit (Frau Silberhaus), Vasily Stukolkin (Fritz), Antonietta Dell'Era (Sugar-Plum Fairy) and Pavel Gerdt (Nutcracker). Tchaikovsky's manuscript score is now preserved in the Russian National Museum of Music in Moscow (. Few works of art are as synonymous with the holiday season asPetipa, Ivanov, and Tchaikovsky's "The Nutcracker," with an iconic score instantly recognizable around the world. Remembering avant-garde artist Mary Bauermeister, Belgian court paves way for Iran prisoner swap treaty, Palestinians in occupied West Bank live with uncertainty, Thousands of migrants have died in South Texas. This concluded Tchaikovsky's work on the ballet before his departure abroad on 6/18 March. The nutcracker acquired its iconic status through a globalized transmission of popular culture. Such was his enthusiasm that, not long after graduating from the St Petersburg Conservatory in 1866, he created a short ballet to entertain his young nieces called The Lake of Swans. After finishing the sketches of the ballet, Tchaikovsky left to spend some days in Saint Petersburg, and on his return he began to compose the opera Iolanta, and also to correct the full score of the opera Yevgeny Onegin. (LogOut/ Omitting the Grossvater, Tchaikovsky wrote in his sketch book: "Talk to Petipa regarding the Grossvater, how many times it should be repeated, and whether it should be varied, and have Jurgenson obtain the [musical] notes". Inspired by Heinrich Hoffman's version of the story, an Ore Mountain carver named Friedrich Wilhelm Fchtner created the iconic traditional nutcracker model by 1870 that later went into serial production which is why he became known as the "father of the nutcracker." The Nutcracker was arranged for piano by Sergey Taneyev, but in view of the difficulty of this arrangement, Tchaikovsky made a simplified one of his own. I floated away from America on 20th May [O.S.] In a letter to Sergey Taneyev of 27 June/9 July 1891, Tchaikovsky also reported that he had finished the ballet "with a feverish haste and the constant doubts that I would muster the energy to finish the ballet in rough" [41]. The music from The Nutcracker is heavily influenced by the time period of the ballet. The Nutcracker Suite, Op. Despite the failure of its initial performance, The Nutcracker has become the most frequently performed of all ballets and has served as an introduction to classical music for many young people. There they witness many wonderful dances from all over the world, highlighted by the sugar plum fairy herself dancing with a regal cavalier. On the same day, Tchaikovsky wrote of this to his brother Modest [31]. Hoffmann's book: "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King". The children are alarmed at his odd appearance, until they see that he has brought them toys: a mechanical doll, a toy soldier, Harlequin and Colombine. 17 and Nos. The result, by all accounts, was too ill-disciplined to charm its audience. Together they travel to the land of snow and the two dance together as snow falls all around them. French writer Alexandre Dumas came up with his own adaptation of the story in 1844, which was then turned into a ballet by the Russian composer Tchaikovsky in 1892. The Nutcracker | Summary, History, & Facts | Britannica A carver created a colorful puppet that could crack nuts with its jaws. Russian Dance (Trepak). Typically, ballets are the result of collaboration between a composer and a choreographer. Tchaikovsky soon developed this private entertainment into a full-length ballet, Swan Lake. The Land of the Sweets is the Prince's home, where he rules from the Marzipan Palace. Un-scientifically, The 1812 Overture and The Nutcracker ballet music probably hold 2 of the top 5 of this measure (at least on a highlights from basis). - Definition & Examples, The Four Seasons by Vivaldi: Analysis & Structure, What is Contrapuntal Music? The Nutcracker Ballet: Composer, Music & Story | Study.com Work on the ballet continued during his journey: "I will try to work on the boat. The beard and hair is usually rabbit fur. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. As a result, Tchaikovsky, who had already written music for other ballets including Swan Lake, composed a series of movements musically illustrating different parts of the story. Adagio, 1. Betsy Schwarm is a music historian based in Colorado. 5, 20. 71 ( TH 14 ; W 14), is a fairy ballet in 2 acts and 3 scenes, written and orchestrated by Tchaikovsky between February 1891 and April 1892. Bewigged and wearing an eyepatch, Drosselmeyer is a clock- and watch-maker, creator of the most ingenious automata. Find Watercolor Vintage Nutcracker stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. And the psychological depth of Tchaikovskys music has been realised quite independently in both countries. Change). Such is the kernel of this famous ballet, whose fate curiously mirrors that of its wooden protagonist. Swan Lake: the story behind Tchaikovsky's great ballet score, The best (and worst) recordings of Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet. One of ballets unsung heroes, Vsevolozhsky not only nurtured Tchaikovskys talent for the form, inspiring him to compose Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker, but he also raised ballet to a high art-form. Discover What Makes Tchaikovsky's 'Nutcracker' Sound Like - WFMT

Michael Taylor Attorney, Bill Rausch Maura Murray, Ymca Membership Fees Rochester, Ny, Sloane Stephens Wedding, Articles W