Learn more about the history and significance of the North Africa campaigns in this article. - Cookies, siege of Tobruk (10 April-16/17 December 1941), First Battle of El Alamein (1-27 July 1942), battle of Alam Halfa (31 August-7 September 1942), second battle of El Alamein (23 October-5 November 1942), El Agheila position after a short battle (12-18 December 1942), Tunisian Campaign (December 1942-13 May 1943), Operation Ochenskopf, 26 February-19 March 1943, Battle of Gabes/ Wadi Akarit, 6-7 April 1943. Rommel abandoned the El Agheila position after a short battle (12-18 December 1942), and didn't attempt to make another stand in Libya.
The French colonies followed the Vichy government, so became semi-neutral, but with a German armistice commission present. The North Africa campaign was the British and Americans against the Germans in North Africa. The British realised that they had a chance to cut off these forces, and took the risk of sending a force across the desert in an attempt to reach the coast around Beda Fomm ahead of the Italians. In the aftermath of the battle Rommel was made commander of a new Army Group Africa, but his authority was limited. After the failure of this attack Rommel left Africa for the last time, and von Arnim took over as commander of Army Group Africa.
On this occasions the Italians held their ground, and the American advance got caught up in the hills on either side of the road from El Guettar to Gabes.
On 8 April a mixed Allied force attempted to break through the Fondouk Pass, but the Germans managed to hold on until early on 10 April. This time Wavell had access to the 'Tiger Cubs', a force of tanks that had been sent through the Mediterranean at some risk. General Giraud, his replacement, turned out to have limited support, and eventually the Allies had to accept de Gaulle.
The El Alamein position is famous for not having an open flank in the desert, with the southern end of the line protected by the Qattara Depression, but during the first battles around El Alamein the British didn't have the strength to block the entire gap between the sea and the depression. Meet the NZHistory team.
This almost caused a disaster for Rommel as his supplies struggled to catch up. The first clash between British and German troops in Tunisia came on 16 November, on the road between Djebel Aboid and Mateur.
But not before almost three years of bitter struggle in which both sides had to contend with the particular challenges of maintaining an army in the inhospitable conditions of the desert.
Wavell had to find troops for a new campaign Greece, and although General O'Conner wanted to continue the advance toward Tripoli, he had to be denied permission to make the attempt.
The British advance now came to a halt. As Operation Vulcan began to loss steam, Alexander planned a new offensive. Auchinleck was finally ready in November 1941.
At the same time his old Panzerarmy Africa became the First Italian Army, under General Messe.
When the attack did come, Rommel retreated once again, and on 23 January 1943 the Eighth Army entered Tripoli, the British target since 1940. On the British side Cunningham was replaced as commander of the Eighth Army by General Sir Neil Ritchie, after Auchinleck decided that Cunningham had become too defensive.
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