146 0 obj <>stream A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule. 0000022989 00000 n
A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. Rule by one or more military officials, often brought to power through a coup d'état. 0000026992 00000 n
A statistical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality within a country. Please enter recipient e-mail address(es). An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.
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Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.
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The period, with its origins in the late nineteenth century, when democratization took hold under demands from increasingly educated and urbanized citizens. The name field is required. 0000009319 00000 n political systems in which power is concentrated in a central government. A system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation. The idea that change should occur but not in as crazy of a means as radicals would propose, Institutions that link people to the government, such as interest groups and parties.
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
hyperpluralism ap gov definition, A theory of government and polities contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. Learn more ››. Most four-year colleges and universities in the United States grant credit, advanced placement, or both on the basis of successful AP Exam scores; more than 3,300 institutions worldwide annually receive AP scores. The creation of a stable political system in which all the major actors seeking political influence accept democratic competition, citizen participation, and the rule of law. First unit vocab words of Ethel Wood's 5th Edition, Countries that have a well established democratic government and a high level of economic development; of the six core countries, Great Britain represents this group, regime where decisions are made by political elites without much input from citizens; the economy is tightly controlled by the elite; the leaders (elites) have no constitutional responsibility to the public; restriction of civil rights and liberties, Legislature with two houses; one house (usually the upper chamber) represents regional governments and local interests and the seats are usually determined by population, the other house (usually the lower house) serves as a direct democratic link to the voters; used to disperse power, the head of the government exercises almost complete control over the bureaucracies' activities; they usually are headed by someone who supports the government or through the patronage system, consist of agencies that generally implement government policy; usually part of the executive branch of government, size has generally increased; includes: hierarchial authority structure, task specialization, extensive rules, clear goals, the merit principle and impersonality, where several parties join forces and are represented in different cabinet posts; occurs when ministers are also leaders of the majority party or if the country has a multi-party system with no clear majority, the idea that one variable causes or influences another, oppose centripetal forces; destabilize the government and encourage the country to fall apart, forces that bind people together the people of a state, giving it strength; one of the most powerful is nationalism, allows power to be shared between the executive and legislative branch; part of a presidential system, basic human rights such as freedom of belief, speech, and assembly, the way that citizens organize and define themselves and their interests; allows citizens to lead private lives and mass media to operate independently from the government; voluntary organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests, when every dispute aligns the same groups against each other; can be very explosive, divide society into many potential groups that may conflict on one issue but cooperate on another; these tend to keep social conflict to more moderate levels, where the government owns almost all industrial enterprises and retail sale outlets; examples include the U.S.S.R. and China; include socialist principles of centralized planning, quota setting, and state ownership; fading, law based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents set by the courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings; practiced in Great Britain, law based on a comprehensive system of written rules of law divided into commercial, civil, and criminal codes; practiced in China, Mexico, and Russia, a theory developed in the 19th century by Karl Marx, where the communist party controls everything; no classes/castes, an essential requirement for a democracy; elections that are regular, free, and fair, system that spreads the power among many sub-units (such as states) and has a weak central government, when citizens are sharply divided, often on both legiitmacy of the regime and solutions to major problems; may cause political subcultures to develop and can potentionally halt the government from ruling effectively, although citizens may disagree on some political processes and policies, they tend to generally agree on how decisions are made, what issues should be addressed, and how problems should be solved; accepts both the legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems, less supportive of change in general than radicalism and liberalism; tend to see change as disruptive, emphasize that it brings unforseen outcomes; consider the state and the regime to be very important sources of law and order and do not want the threaten that by changing the way they operate, the highest judicial body that rules on constitutionality of laws and other government actions; serves to defend democratic principles of a country against infringement by both private citizens and the government, means a regime uses to get support from citizens, an arrangement in which government officials interact with people/groups outside the government before they set policy; two types: state, where the state determines which groups are brought in, and societal (or neo-) where interest groups take the lead and dominate the state, exists when a change in one variable coincides with a change in the other, a univerisal political order that draws its identity and values from everywhere, a forced take over of the government; literally means "blows to the state"; replaces current leaders of the country with new leaders; often are carried out by the military; new leaders are always vulnerable to a new coup, creates a stable political system that is supported by all parts of the society; democracy penetrates all political parties, the judiciary and the bureaucracy, interest articulation is institutionalized through recognition by the state, new groups can only form if the state allows it; organizations develop institutionalized and legally binding links with state agencies, acting on behalf of the state, groups and individuals lose their freedoms, the tendency to decentralize decision making to regional governments, the power to make small decisions in implementing legislative and executive decisions, when individuals have immediate say over many decisions that the government makes; more rare than indirect, the process of limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces, the rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature, leaders of a government; leaders who have a disproportionate share of policy-making power, data based on factual statements and statistcis, like communism, devalues the idea of individual freedom; rejects the value of equality and accepts the idea that people and groups exist in degrees of inferiority and superiority; believes that the state has the right and the responsibility to mold the society and economy and to eliminate obstacles (including people) that might weaken them; usually a powerful authoritarian state, divides the power between the central government and sub-units; regional bodies have significant powers, such as taxation, lawmaking and keeping order, First-past-the-post (aka plurality or winner-take-all system), the winner does not need a majority to win, must simply get more votes than anyone else, purchase of assets in a country by a foreign firm; a part of economic globalization, divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity, an organization that studies democracies around the world and ranks countries from 1 to 7 on a freedom scale, 1 being the most free and 7 being the least free, a mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society, intensifies international trade, tying markets, producers, and labor together in increasingly extensive and intensive new ways; integrates capital and financial markets around the world so that banking, credit, stocks, and foreign direct investments are increasingly interrelated, a counter-trend to the organization of political power by states and it complicates that ability of states to maintain sovereignty since it binds them to international organizations that take responsibility for tasks that national governments normally conduct; breaks down the distinction between international relations and domestic politics, all the goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year, excluding income citizens earned outside the country, like GDP, but also includes income citizens earned outside the country, divides the GNP by the population of the country, the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a country, a role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the government and usually directs the activities of other members of the executive branch, a role that symbolizes the power and nature of the regime and its people, both nationally and internationally, and may or may not have any real policy-making power, measures the well being of a country's people by factoring in adult literacy, life expectancy, and educational enrollment, as well as GDP, a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more factors known as variables, countries that have democratic procedures in place but have significant restrictions on them, competitive elections, civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, civilian control of the military, democracy with elected officials representing the people, takes into consideration not only the ways that politicians operate outside their formal powers, but also the impact that beliefs, values, and actions of ordinary citizens have on policy-making, a vote on a policy that is initiated by the people, stable, long lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policy, a process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty in order to gain political, economic, and social clout; binds states together with common policies and shared rules, a pattern in which autonomous groups compete with each other and with government for influence over state policies, the mechanism that allows courts to review laws and executive actions for their constitutionality, rests upon the belief that tradition should determine who should rule and how; often involves important myths and legends, rituals and ceremonies help reinforce; basis of most monarchies; can also be based on religion, based on the dynamic personality of an individual leader or a small group; notoriously short-lived because it usually does not survive its founder, based on a system of well-established laws and procedures; highly institutionalized that carry over through generations of individual leaders; often based on the acceptance of the rule of law that supersedes the actions and statements of individual rulers, law can be code or common, legitimate democracies; includes civil liberties, rule of law, neutrality of the judiciary, open civil society, civilian control of the military, places emphasis on individual political and economic freedom; seek to maximize freedom for all people including free speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of association; believe citizens have a right to disagree with state decisions and act to change the decisions of their leaders, Liberalism as an approach to economic and political change, supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution, does not think the system are permanently broken, just that they need to be repaired or improved, groups that connect the government to its citizens such as political parties, interest groups, and print and electronic media, two types: mixed economy that allows for significant control from the central government and a pure market economy, that does not, the state's re-creation of a market in which property, labor, goods, and services can all function in a competitive environment to determine their value, when the military directly intervenes in the politics of an unstable government to solve the current problems; usually involves a coup d'etat; often restricts civil rights and liberties, keep political parties from forming and elections from taking place; can go in many different directions: democracy, authoritarian, or another coup, an economy that allows for significant control from the central government, combines first-past-the-post and proportional representation election system, electoral system in which more than one legislative seat is contested in each district, an electoral system where the candidates compete for a single representative's seat, system with multiple parties; usually arise in countries with strong parliamentary systems, particularly those that use a proportional representation method for elections, a group of people that are bound together by a common political identity.
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